The Islamic Threat to the Soviet State (Routledge Revivals) by Alexandre Bennigsen & Marie Broxup

Author:Alexandre Bennigsen & Marie Broxup [Bennigsen, Alexandre & Broxup, Marie]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Political Science, General
ISBN: 9781317831709
Google: a2i4AwAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 28027235
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 1983-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

It was between 1919 and 1923 that he elaborated the concept of the Republic of Turan, embodying all the Muslim revolutionaries' pan-Islamic and pan-Turkic aspirations.

Russian reply. Russian Communists answered these unorthodox arguments almost from the start, stating that a native proletariat did indeed exist, but that it was ‘too weak and morally unstable to become the leading class’. They insisted that it was impossible to postpone the class struggle because it was more important than national liberation and rejected outright Sultan Galiev's concept of ‘proletarian nations’. To reinforce its political and territorial gains, the Party admitted massive numbers of new Russian recruits in 1920. This influx was made up of tough, primitive Russian peasants and violently aggressive workers who had been hardened by the Civil War campaigns, a far cry from the intellectual westernised Old Bolsheviks of the earlier days. They regarded the native Communists as a hostile, chauvinistic element which should be kept in its place.

Open conflicts between the Muslim National Communists on the one hand and Lenin and Stalin on the other broke out in 1919 concerning the autonomy of the Muslim Communist Party and unification of the Tatar-Bashkir Republic. The Muslims defended their position — in vain — at the Second Congress of Communist Organisations of the Peoples of the East (Moscow, November-December 1919), at the First Congress of the Peoples of the East (Baku, September 1920) and at the First Conference of the Turkic People's Communists of the RSFSR (Moscow, January 1921) when Stalin attacked local nationalism as the ‘obstacle to the development of Communism in the East’. The first serious attacks on pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism were voiced at the Tenth Congress of the Bolshevik Party in April 1921. The Bolshevik leaders were determined that Communist revolution in the West should have precedence and that revolution in the East should conform strictly to the Russian model. There could be only one Communist Party in the Soviet Union — the Russian one.

The crisis came to a head with the purge of the Communist Party of Turkestan in December 1922 and the arrest of Sultan Galiev in early 1923. Then followed a period of uneasy truce, during which the Muslim National Communists tried to strengthen their position by organising clandestine groups whose purpose was to raise the anti-Russian consciousness of the native masses and oppose cultural, administrative and biological assimilation as well as the forced linguistic division of the Turkic territories.

According to Soviet sources, between 1923 and 1929 Sultan Galiev had created a network of underground secret organisations, based in Moscow and Kazan, but with offshoots stretching as far as Alma Ata and Tashkent. Many Muslim National Communist leaders seem to have been connected with these organisations, but the extent of their involvement has not been revealed by Soviet officiai sources, who remain reluctant to go into the subject in detail. The accusation levelled against one such organisation, Ittihad ve Tarakki (‘Union and Progress’), was that it tried to infiltrate National Communist Turks into the Communist Party and

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